Indeed, chronic or high occupational or environmental exposures to excess levels of Mn have long been known to lead to a progressive neurological disorder similar to Parkinsonism. However, with the widespread use of the Mn derivative methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), an antiknock gasoline agent, a potential health risk may result from increased environmental Mn levels. In the brain, Mn is an important cofactor for a variety of enzymes, including the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. Manganese (Mn) is an essential element required for growth, development and general maintenance of health. In addition, the efficacy and mechanisms of several therapeutic interventions such as levodopa, ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), aimed at ameliorating Mn neurotoxic symptoms in humans, will be reviewed. Natural and synthetic antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, ATP/ADP ratio protectors and glutamate protectors have been introduced in view of decreasing Mn-induced neurotoxicity. Here, we will briefly address some of the toxic mechanisms of Mn, followed by neuroprotective strategies and therapeutic approaches aiming to reduce or treat Mn induced neurotoxicity. Taking into account the pharmacokinetics and Mn-related toxicity mechanisms, several neuroprotective compounds and therapeutic approaches have been investigated to assess their efficacy in mitigating its neurotoxicity. Manganism patients display a variety of symptoms, including mental, cognitive and behavioural impediments, as well as motor dysfunctions that are associated with basal ganglia dysfunction. However, chronic or high occupational and environmental exposure to excessive levels of Mn has long been known to lead to a progressive neurological disorder similar to Parkinsonism.
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